Abakinnyi ba Roulette Bamamaye

Joseph Jagger (1830–1892)

Umucuruzi w'imyenda ukomoka i Shelf, hafi ya Bradford, ikigo cye cy'i Manchester cyari cyarahombye mu 1860. Ahagana mu 1880 yagiye i Monte Carlo, ashaka abandika ibisubizo by'inziga, maze atega ku mibare yasohokaga kenshi cyane. Inkuru ya kera kurusha izindi, igitabo cya Victor Bethell cyo mu 1901, ivuga ko yatsinze £120.000, agasubiza £40.000 muri yo maze akagenda afite hafi £80.000, hafi miliyoni ebyiri z'amafaranga y'Igifaransa, kandi ko kazino yabanje kwimura inziga zayo ziva ku meza zijya ku yandi buri joro hanyuma igategeka inshya zifite ibice bitandukanya utuzu bishobora kwimurwa. Nta kinyamakuru cyo muri icyo gihe cyavuze iyo ntsinzi, kandi inyandiko za kazino zo muri iyo myaka zarazimiye. Umwanditsi w'ubuzima bwe Anne Fletcher (2018), umwuzukuruza we wo mu gisekuru cya gatatu, ashyira urugendo rwa mbere mu 1880 cyangwa 1881, si mu 1873 cyangwa 1875 bivugwa mu nkuru za kera. Abanditsi batandatu bahembwaga ni aba Bethell; urutonde rw'imibare icyenda n'umurongo bivugwa ko yaciye ku ruziga bigaragara bwa mbere mu 1951, kandi nta kibishyigikira. Igihe yapfaga mu 1892, umutungo we wari muto. Paji ya Joseph Jagger: Ingamba za Roulette i Monte Carlo isesengura ibimenyetso.

Joseph Jagger: Ingamba za Roulette i Monte Carlo

Charles Wells (1841–1922)

Umuriganya n'umuhimbyi wageze i Monte Carlo mu 1891 afite amafaranga yakusanyije ku gihangano cy'ikinyoma maze amara banki incuro nyinshi mu minsi mike, atsinda hafi £40.000 ku ruhererekane rw'ibisubizo rutangaje. Yavugaga ko afite uburyo budahusha ariko ntiyigeze abusobanura. Yabaye “The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo” mu ndirimbo yo mu nzu z'imyidagaduro, asubiza igice cy'amafaranga muri icyo gihe cy'itumba, kandi amara igice kinini cy'ubuzima bwe bwasigaye muri gereza azira uburiganya. Uburyo bwe ubwo ari bwo bwose, igisubizo cye cyari amahirwe.

Umugabo Wamaze Banki

Hibbs na Walford (1947)

Mu 1947, abanyeshuri babiri ba University of Chicago, Albert Hibbs, wari urangiza impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu mibare, na Roy Walford, umunyeshuri w'ubuvuzi, bamaze ikiruhuko i Reno bandika amazunguruka. Bashakaga inziga aho imibare imwe isohoka kenshi kurusha uko 1 muri 38 ibyemera, barazibona, barazitegaho, hanyuma bakomereza i Las Vegas. Ikinyamakuru Life cyavuze iyo nkuru mu Ukuboza 1947 gifite umutwe “How to Win $6,500”; inkuru zakurikiyeho, harimo n'iya Hibbs ubwe, zitanga ibiteranyo binini kurushaho, naho Thorp, yandika mu 1998, yayishyize mu 1949–50. Amafaranga yaguze ubwato bw'umuyaga bwa metero hafi 12 (40-foot) n'umwaka urenga muri Caraïbes. Hibbs yakomereje muri Jet Propulsion Laboratory, aho yabaye ijwi ryayo rizwi kurusha ayandi imbere y'abaturage, naho Walford aba umushakashatsi ku gusaza. Intsinzi yabo ni yo ya mbere yo muri Amerika ifite ibimenyetso bihagije yaturutse ku kubogama k'uruziga, kandi ni yo Thorp yatekerezagaho mu 1955 igihe yafataga icyemezo ko inziga zakozwe neza zigomba gutsindwa hakoreshejwe fiziki.

Norman Leigh (1966)

Mu mpeshyi ya 1966, Norman Leigh, Umwongereza wanditse ko se yari yarahombejwe na roulette, yajyanye itsinda ry'abantu cumi na babiri muri Casino Municipal i Nice. Nk'uko abivuga ubwe, bakinnye LabouchèreingambaLabouchèreUburyo bwo gusiba: andika umurongo w'imibare, utege igiteranyo cy'imibare ibiri yo ku mpera, uyisibe nyuma yo gutsinda, wongereho itega watsinzwe nyuma yo gutsindwa.Soma byose → ihindukiye ku mahirwe yose atandatu yishyura kimwe ku kindi ku meza abiri, batsinda menshi mu majoro menshi, maze bahagarikwa igihe kazino yafungaga ameza ikababuza kwinjira muri kazino z'Ubufaransa. Igitabo cye, Thirteen Against the Bank (1976), ni cyo buhamya bwuzuye bwonyine, kandi imibare yacyo ntishobora kugenzurwa. Uburyo ntibushobora kubisobanura: Labouchère ihindukiye itwara 1,35% by'amafaranga yose yategeweamafarangaAmafaranga yose yategeweAmafaranga yose yategewe mu mukino umwe cyangwa mu gihe runaka, harimo n'intsinzi zongeye gutegwa. Nanone: handle, action.Soma byose → hamwe na la partageitegekoLa partageItegeko ry'Igifaransa: iyo zeru isohotse, kimwe cya kabiri cy'itega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi kirasubizwa. Rigabanya inyungu ya kazino kuri ayo matega kabiri, ikagera kuri 1,35%.Soma byose → kandi itsinda gusa mu mukino umwe ubaho rimwe na rimwe aho umurongo uzamuka ukagera ku ntarengwa (reba Ingamba za Roulette za Labouchère). Abakinnyi cumi na babiri ku mahirwe atandatu mu majoro menshi bakina imikino myinshi, bike muri yo byanze bikunze byari kuba intsinzi nini, kandi kuba kazino yarafunze umukino byabujije amahirwe kuringanira.

Igihuha: Ingamba za Roulette Zihora ZitsindaIngamba za Roulette za Labouchère

Thorp na Shannon (1961)

Edward Thorp, waje gutsinda blackjack abara amakarita, na Claude Shannon, washinze inyigisho y'amakuru, bakoze mudasobwa ya mbere yambarwa: igikoresho kingana n'agapaki k'itabi cyabaraga igihe cy'agapiraibikoreshoAgapiraAgapira gato koherezwa mu nzira kerekeza mu cyerekezo kinyuranye n'icya rotor. Udupira tw'iki gihe dukozwe muri ivorine cyangwa Teflon, mm 18–21.Soma byose → na rotoribikoreshoRotorIgice cy'uruziga kizenguruka gitwaye utuzu.Soma byose → maze kikohereza ijwi mu gikoresho cyo mu gutwi rivuga igice cya munani cy'uruziga. Cyakoraga mu nzu yo munsi y'ubutaka ya Shannon ku ruziga baguze, kandi kigakora rimwe na rimwe i Las Vegas, aho insinga zacikaga kandi igikoresho cyo mu gutwi kikagaragara. Bahagaritse kubera impamvu z'ibikorwa; Thorp yatangaje uburyo mu 1966 kandi abusobanura byuzuye mu 1979 no mu 1984 (reba Gukina Ushaka Inyungu muri Roulette).

The Eudaemons (1976–1981)

Itsinda ry'abanyeshuri ba fiziki bo mu cyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza i Santa Cruz ryakoze mudasobwa nto za digitale zo kwambara muri kazino: umukinnyi umwe yabaraga igihe cy'uruziga akoresheje utubuto two ku mano, mudasobwa igateganya igice cy'uruzigauruzigaIgice cy'uruzigaUmuheto w'utuzu dukurikirana ku ruziga, bitandukanye n'itsinda ku mbonerahamwe y'amatega.Soma byose →, naho umukinnyi wa kabiri akakira iteganya binyuze mu gutigita maze agategera kuri cyo. Mu 1977 no mu 1978, mudasobwa yahambirwaga munsi y'ukuboko; verisiyo yakurikiyeho, yubatswe mu kirenge cy'inkweto, yagiye i Las Vegas mu Ugushyingo 1981 maze itsindwa n'urusaku rw'amashanyarazi rwa kazino. Amagerageza yabo yasezeranyaga inyungu ya 44%, kandi umukino wabo wa mbere muremure ku meza nyayo watanze hafi 25%. Ibikoresho ntibyakunze gukora igihe kirekire: insinga zidafashe neza, amashanyarazi abakubita ndetse rimwe ubushye bw'insinga zashyushye cyane byarangije imikino myinshi. Batsinze amadolari ibihumbi bike ku matega mato ya senti icumi na makumyabiri n'eshanu, bakoresha hafi $15.000 kandi basiga igitabo cyiza. Paji ya The Eudaemons ivuga inkuru.

The Eudaemons

Richard Jarecki (1931–2018)

Umuganga w'Umunyamerika wavukiye mu Budage, wari kumwe n'umugore we Carol n'abafasha bake, wandikaga inziga za zeruuruzigaZeruAkazu kamwe k'icyatsi katafatwa n'itega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi, irya dazeni cyangwa iry'inkingi; ni ho inyungu ya kazino ikomoka. Nanone: zeru imwe, 0.Soma byose → imwe muri kazino zo mu Burayi mu myaka ya 1960 no mu ntangiriro y'iya 1970, cyane cyane i Sanremo, maze agatega ku mibare yasohokaga kenshi cyane. Nk'uko Carol Jarecki abivuga, uruziga rumwe rwashoboraga gutwara amazunguruka arenga 10.000 n'igihe kigera ku kwezi. Inkuru y'urupfu rwe yo mu 2018 ivuga ko nk'uko benshi babivuga yatsinze arenga $1,2 miliyoni; uwo mubare ntiwigeze ugenzurwa. Yabwiye abanyamakuru ko mudasobwa yo muri University of London yari yaravumbuye ibanga ry'umukino; inkuru y'urupfu rwe yo mu 2018 n'umuhanga mu mateka ya roulette Russell Barnhart babisobanura nk'urwitwazo rwo guhisha kwitegereza gusa. Sanremo yamusabye kutahagaruka muri Mutarama 1969, imubuza kwinjira nk'umukinnyi w'urusimbi w'umwuga muri Gashyantare maze yongera kumwemerera mu minsi mike, yimura ameza yayo, kandi amaherezo isimbuza inziga hafi makumyabiri n'enye. Yasubiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1973 cyangwa 1974. Inkuru zo muri icyo gihe zitanga amakuru arambuye kurushaho.

Richard Jarecki: Uburyo bwa Roulette

Gonzalo García-Pelayo (wavutse mu 1947)

Umutunganya w'indirimbo n'umuyobozi wa filime w'Umunyesipanye, wari kumwe n'abana be n'abishywa be, wanditse amazunguruka hafi 5.000 kuri buri ruziga muri Casino Gran Madrid, hanze y'umujyi, guhera mu mpera za 1991, maze atega ku tuzuibikoreshoAkazuKamwe mu tuzu 37 twanditseho imibare turi kuri rotor. Nanone: slot, cup.Soma byose → twari imbere. Nk'uko imibare ye ibivuga, akazu keza kurusha utundi katsindaga rimwe mu mazunguruka 28 kandi inyungu yari hafi 6%; avuga ko intsinzi zari pesetas miliyoni 200 kugeza 250 muri kazino nyinshi. Kazino yabujije umuryango kwinjira, guverinoma ikuraho iryo buzwa, kandi ubujurire bwa kazino buratsindwa, ubwa nyuma bukaba mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga muri Kamena 2004. Urukiko rwavuze ko abakinnyi bakoresheje ubuhanga na mudasobwa gusa, kandi ko igisubizo cyemewe n'amategeko cya kazino ari ukwimura inziga zayo, guhindura ibice byazo cyangwa kuzubaka neza kurushaho. Paji ya Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Uburyo bwa Roulette ivuga inkuru yose.

Gonzalo García-Pelayo: Uburyo bwa RouletteRoulette mu Burayi

Batatu ba Ritz (2004)

Abakinnyi batatu, abagabo babiri n'umugore umwe baturuka muri Yugoslavia ya kera no muri Hongiriya, batsinze hafi £1,3 miliyoni mu majoro abiri muri Werurwe 2004 muri Ritz Club i Londres, bategera ku munota wa nyuma ku matsinda mato y'imibare yegeranye ku ruziga. Ibinyamakuru byavuze scanner ya laser yari ihishe muri telefoni; nta gikoresho nk'icyo cyigeze cyerekanwa. Barafashwe barekurwa, kandi mu Ukuboza 2004 polisi yaretse ikirego isubiza amafaranga, kuko itegeko rya kera rihana uburiganya ritageraga ku byo bakoze. Inkuru ya Bloomberg yo mu 2023 ku muyobozi wabo, Umunyakorowasiya uzwi nka Niko Tosa, isobanura iteganya bakoresheje amaso ku ruziga rwari rubogamyeho gato mu buhagarike, si igikoresho. Gambling Act 2005 yasimbuje icyaha cya kera icyaha kigari cy'uburiganya, gikurikizwa guhera mu 2007; niba kireba iteganya rikozwe n'amaso ntibyigeze bisuzumwa mu rukiko. Iyo yari intsinzi nini ya nyuma ijya ahagaragara yo gutsinda roulette hakoreshejwe iteganya.

Icyo abakinnyi ba roulette batsinze bahuriyeho

Buri watsinze ufite ibimenyetso yaba yarapimye uruziga (Jagger, Hibbs na Walford, Jarecki, García-Pelayo) cyangwa yarateganyije agapira (Thorp, Eudaemons, itsinda rya Ritz). Nta n'umwe muri bo watsinze akoresheje imiterere yo gutega, kandi umukinnyi umwe w'uburyo wamamaye, Wells, yasubije igice cyabyo mu mezi make kandi arangirira muri gereza. Buri buryo bakoresheje amaherezo bwafunzwe na kazino zihindura uruziga, amategeko cyangwa itegeko. Paji za Laboratwari ya Roulette zisobanura uburyo; iyi paji isobanura impamvu wumvise abantu bake cyane.

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