Roulette ya Monte Carlo
Kazino yahinduye igihugu gito cyane cy'igikomangoma igicumbi cy'uruziga rwa zeru imwe.

Casino de Monte-Carlo, yafunguwe mu 1863 iyobowe na François Blanc, yagize uruziga rw'i Burayi igipimo cy'umugabane wose kandi iha roulette inkuru zayo zizwi kurusha izindi, kuva ku ruziga rubogamye rwa Jagger kugeza ku mikara 26 yo mu 1913.
Kuki Monaco
Mu myaka ya 1850, Monaco yari urutare rwahombye rufite igikomangoma, ingoro kandi nta nganda. Urusimbi rwabuzwaga muri leta z'Abadage, aho kazino zo mu mijyi y'amazi ashyushye zari zarateye imbere. Igikomangoma Charles III yatanze uruhushya rwa kazino mu 1856; amagerageza ya mbere yaranze kubera kubura gari ya moshi n'umuhanda. François Blanc, wari waramamaje Bad Homburg, yaguze urwo ruhushya mu 1863, yubaka Société des Bains de Mer, aharanira ko gari ya moshi iva i Nice igerayo, kandi yita agace gashya Monte Carlo yitiriye igikomangoma. Kazino yateye inkunga leta ku buryo umusoro ku nyungu z'abantu wakuweho mu 1869 kandi ntiwigeze ugaruka.
Zeru imwe nka politiki
Blanc yazanye uruziga rwa zeruuruzigaZeruAkazu kamwe k'icyatsi katafatwa n'itega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi, irya dazeni cyangwa iry'inkingi; ni ho inyungu ya kazino ikomoka. Nanone: zeru imwe, 0.Soma byose → imwe avuye i Homburg. I Monte Carlo ntibyari amayeri yo guhangana ahubwo byari igipimo: buri meza, buri munsi. Abakinnyi baturutse mu Burayi hose bigiye umukino wa roulette wa Monte Carlo kuri 2,70% maze bakabitegereza n'ahandi, ari yo mpamvu zeru ebyiriubwokoZeru ebyiriAkazu ka 00 k'uruziga rw'Abanyamerika. Kuba gahari bizamura inyungu ya kazino kuva kuri 2,70% kugeza kuri 5,26%.Soma byose → zarokotse gusa aho Monte Carlo itigeze ishyiraho igipimo.
Uruhushya rwa mbere rwa kazino muri Monaco. Rurananirwa: nta muhanda, nta gari ya moshi, abakinnyi bake.
François Blanc afata ubuyobozi. Société des Bains de Mer irashingwa.
Gari ya moshi iva i Nice itangira gukora. Abashyitsi baza ari benshi muri gari ya moshi.
Umusoro ku nyungu z'abantu ukurwaho muri Monaco.
Joseph Jagger avumbura ukubogama mu nziga maze agatsinda umutungo munini; kazino yimura inziga zayo, hanyuma ikazisimbuza.
Charles Wells “amara banki” incuro nyinshi mu minsi mike, abikesha amahirwe n'uburyo atigeze asobanura.
Imikara 26 ikurikiranye. Ikosa ry'umukinnyi w'urusimbi rihabwa irindi zina ryaryo.
Casino de Monte-Carlo itakaza uburenganzira bwihariye ku rusimbi rwo kuri Riviera ubwo kazino z'Ubufaransa zongera gufungura.
Kumara banki
Buri meza ya roulette i Monte Carlo yari afite ububiko bw'amafaranga, “banki”. Iyo umukinnyi yatsindaga ibirenze ubwo bubiko, ameza yatwikirwaga umwenda w'umukaraitegaUmukaraItega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi ku mibare 18 y'umukara. Mu Gifaransa: noir.Soma byose → mu gihe hazanwaga andi mafaranga: banki yabaga “yamazwe”. Byabaga kenshi kandi byari iyamamaza ryiza cyane; ntibyasobanuraga ko kazino yahombye amafaranga muri rusange, ahubwo ko amafaranga y'ameza amwe yashize gusa. Charles Wells yabikoze incuro nyinshi mu 1891 ku ruhererekane rw'ibisubizo rudasanzwe, ahimbirwa indirimbo yo mu nzu z'imyidagaduro, kandi yasubije igice cyabyo muri icyo gihe cy'itumba.

Inkuru
Uruziga rubogamyelaboratwariUruziga rubogamyeUruziga rufite inenge z'umubiri zituma utuzu tumwe tugira amahirwe arenze 1/37. Ni gake, kandi rutahurwa gusa n'amazunguruka ibihumbi byanditswe.Soma byose → rwa Joseph Jagger (ahagana 1880), Wells (1891) n'imikara 26 (1913) byose byabereye hano, kandi buri kimwe gifite paji yacyo. Ishami ry'iyamamaza rya kazino, ryari ryateye imbere kurusha igihe cyaryo, ryashishikariye ko buri kimwe muri byo cyandikwa mu binyamakuru by'i Londres. Umugani w'ahantu abantu batsindiye imitungo wagurishije amatike ya gari ya moshi kurusha inkuru nyakuri iyo ari yo yose ya 2,70%.
Umukino wa roulette wa Monte Carlo uyu munsi
Kazino iracyakora, kandi roulette iracyari hagati mu cyumba gikuru, ifite inziga za zeru imwe n'amategeko y'Igifaransa (la partageitegekoLa partageItegeko ry'Igifaransa: iyo zeru isohotse, kimwe cya kabiri cy'itega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi kirasubizwa. Rigabanya inyungu ya kazino kuri ayo matega kabiri, ikagera kuri 1,35%.Soma byose → cyangwa en prisonitegekoEn prisonItegeko ry'Igifaransa: iyo zeru isohotse, itega ryishyura kimwe ku kindi rifatirwa izunguruka rikurikira aho gutakara. Rigabanya inyungu ya kazino kuri ayo matega kabiri.Soma byose → ku matega yishyura kimwe ku kindi). Société des Bains de Mer iracyari ikigo gikuru cy'igikomangoma. Uburyo bwa Monte Carlo mu mibare, bwiswe gutyo na Ulam na von Neumann mu myaka ya 1940 bitiriye kazino, ni bwo butuma amagerageza yo kuri uru rubuga akora.
Ibibazo
Oya. Barabibujijwe kuva mu kinyejana cya 19; kazino yari iy'abashyitsi.
Ruvugwa kimwe mu nkuru zakurikiyeho; inyandiko za kazino ubwayo zo muri icyo gihe ntizishyirwa ahagaragara. AmahirweimibareAmahirweAmahirwe y'igisubizo, kuva kuri 0 kugeza kuri 1 cyangwa kuva kuri 0% kugeza kuri 100%. Umubare umwe: 1/37 = 2,70%.Soma byose → arahuye n'uko byabaye ahantu runaka mu myaka mirongo itanu yo gukina.
Nyirarume wa Stanislaw Ulam yahakiniraga urusimbi; iryo zina ryari ijambo ry'ibanga ryo gutoranya ku bw'amahirwe mu mushinga wa Manhattan Project.
Akanya k'urwenya

Banki yamazwe kenshi. Kazino yo ntiyigeze ishidikanywaho.
Inkomoko
- Schwartz, D. G. Roll the Bones: The History of Gambling.
- Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel.
- Kavanagh, T. M. Dice, Cards, Wheels: A Different History of French Culture.