Mudasobwa za Roulette

Uko uburyo bwa mbere bwa mudasobwa ya roulette bwakozwe

Igitekerezo cyaje kuri Edward Thorp mu mpeshyi ya 1955, igihe yari umunyeshuri w'icyiciro cya gatatu muri fiziki muri UCLA: uruziga rukoze neza cyane ku buryo rutabogama rwagombye kuzengurutsa agapiraibikoreshoAgapiraAgapira gato koherezwa mu nzira kerekeza mu cyerekezo kinyuranye n'icya rotor. Udupira tw'iki gihe dukozwe muri ivorine cyangwa Teflon, mm 18–21.Soma byose → mu buryo buteganywa nk'umubumbe. Yafashe amashusho y'uruziga ruhendutse rungana n'igice cy'urusanzwe, isaha ipima amasegonda iri mu ishusho, asanga rudasanzwe cyane ku buryo rutateganywa, kandi urugendo muri Nevada mu Ukuboza 1958 rwamweretse ko inziga za kazino zigenda neza. Blackjack ihita imutwara. Mu Ugushyingo 1960, muri MIT, yasabye Claude Shannon kohereza inyandiko ye yo kubara amakarita muri National Academy of Sciences; ku iherezo ry'inama Shannon yamubajije ibindi yakoragaho, maze umushinga wa roulette wimukira mu nzu yo hasi ya Shannon. Baguze uruziga rwemewe i Reno kuri $1.500, baruterereza ku meza ya kera ya biyari ya slate, bapima igihe cy'agapira bakoresheje itara rya strobe n'isaha isomwa kugeza ku ijana ry'isegonda. Uko bimenyereza, amakosa yabo yo gupima igihe yavuye kuri hafi 0,03 agera kuri 0,01 by'isegonda. Muri Kamena 1961 mudasobwa yari ifite transistor cumi n'ebyiri kandi ingana n'agapaki k'itabi: switch iri mu nkweto, ikoreshwa n'ino rinini, yapimaga igihe cya rotoribikoreshoRotorIgice cy'uruziga kizenguruka gitwaye utuzu.Soma byose → n'icy'agapira, naho ijwi mu gutwi kumwe rikavuga kimwe mu bice by'uruzigauruzigaIgice cy'uruzigaUmuheto w'utuzu dukurikirana ku ruziga, bitandukanye n'itsinda ku mbonerahamwe y'amatega.Soma byose → umunani. I Las Vegas muri iyo mpeshyi Shannon yapimaga igihe ari ku ruziga akandika imibare nk'umukinnyi uwo ari we wese ukoresha uburyo bwo gutega, mu gihe Thorp yategaga udufaranga ku mpera ya kure y'ameza. Iteganya ryakomeje kuba ukuri, ariko insinga zinanutse nk'umusatsi zijya mu gutwi zakomezaga gucika, kandi rimwe umugore wari iruhande rwa Thorp yarebye afite ubwoba indangururamajwi isohoka mu gutwi kwe. Ntibigeze bategera ibintu bikomeye. Thorp yatangaje uburyo bwa mudasobwa ya roulette mu 1966 asohora ibisobanuro birambuye mu 1979 no mu 1984.

Mudasobwa za mbere za digitale

Imashini ya Thorp na Shannon yari analog: umuzunguruko wayo ni wo wari porogaramu yayo, kandi guhindura uburyo byasabaga kongera kuyihuza insinga. Microprocessor yakuyeho iyo mbogamizi. Alan Lewis, umunyeshuri muri Caltech, yajyanye mudasobwa ya digitale yikoreye mu isakoshi ya kamera muri Circus Circus i Las Vegas mu 1972, apima igihe cy'inziga ari kuri balkoni iri hejuru y'ameza kandi yoherereza iteganya mugenzi we wari hasi akoresheje radiyo. Yarakoze, ariko nta mafaranga yatanze; nyuma yaje kumenya ko yari yibagiwe guhengama k'uruziga. Guhera mu 1976 itsinda ry'abanyeshuri ba fiziki i Santa Cruz, Eudaemons, ryakoze uwo murimo neza. Baguze uruziga rwa kazino, bapima agapira, rotor, guhengama no kudunda, banandika imibare ifite igenamiterere eshanu umukinnyi yahinduraga kuri buri ruziga akanda switch z'amano mu minota igera kuri makumyabiri mbere yo gutega. Mudasobwa yabo yavugaga kimwe mu bice umunani nyuma y'amasegonda make izunguruka ritangiye. Ku meza nyayo muri Mutarama 1978 yatanze inyungu bavuze ko ari 25%; ibikoresho, byaziritswe ku mubiri nyuma bikubakwa mu nkweto, byapfaga kenshi cyane kurusha fiziki (reba The Eudaemons).

Impamvu amatega yatinze yari ingenzi

Kazino ishobora guhagarika iteganya burundu yanga amatega igihe agapira kamaze koherezwa. Thorp yasanze hafi nta yabikoraga: i Reno, Las Vegas, London, Monte Carlo, Nice, Venice no muri Puerto Rico ibisanzwe byari ukuvuga “nta yandi mategauburyo bw'imikinireNta yandi mategaIjambo rya kurupiye (cyangwa ubutumwa kuri ecran) rifunga igihe cyo gutega. Amajeto ntashobora kongera gushyirwaho, kwimurwa cyangwa gukurwaho.Soma byose →” izenguruka rimwe cyangwa abiri mbere y'uko agapira kagwa. Icyo gihe ni cyo buri buryo bwo guteganya bwakurikiyeho bwakeneye, kuva kuri Eudaemons kugera ku matega yatinze y'itsinda rya Ritz kuri racetrackamezaRacetrackUmurongo umeze nk'igi uri ku mbonerahamwe z'amatega z'imbonankubone n'iza elegitoronike, werekana imibare ikurikiranye nk'uko iri ku ruziga, ukoreshwa mu gushyiraho amatega y'abaturanyi n'ay'ibice by'uruziga ukanze rimwe.Soma byose →. Nevada yaciye ibikoresho biteganya muri Gicurasi 1985, kandi sitidiyo z'imbonankubone ubu zifunga gutega igihe agapira koherezwa.

Uko kazino zarwanyije

Mu myaka amatega yari akemerwa nyuma y'uko agapira koherezwa, kazino zarwanyije abakinnyi bakekwaga zinyuze kuri kurupiye. Inkuru z'abakinnyi ba Norman Leigh bakoreshaga uburyo bwo gutega i Nice mu 1966 n'iz'amatsinda yakurikiyeho yo guteganya zivuga kurupiyeabantuKurupiye (croupier)Kurupiye uyobora ameza ya roulette.Soma byose → mushya kuri buri zunguruka, agapira gahinduwe, amazunguruka magufi cyangwa yihuse, ameza yuzuyeho abantu ba kazino ubwayo, amaherezo ameza agafungwa. Izi nkuru zituruka ku ruhande rw'abakinnyi kandi biragoye kuzigenzura (Goldman, 2007). Nyamara amayeri arumvikana: izunguruka rigufi cyangwa ryihuse ntirishobora kuyobora agapira ku kazuibikoreshoAkazuKamwe mu tuzu 37 twanditseho imibare turi kuri rotor. Nanone: slot, cup.Soma byose →, ariko rirasubiza inyuma igihe uteganya apima.

Ese Abakurupiye ba Roulette Bashobora Guhitamo Imibare? Igihuha

Uko iteganya rigomba kuba ryiza

Thorp (1984) yabaze agaciro k'iteganya iyo ikosa ryaryo rikurikiza umurongo w'inzogera: mu izunguruka risanzwe akazu kateganyijwe kaba gatandukanye n'ukuri ku tuzu σ ku ruhande rumwe cyangwa urundi. Tega ku mubare wateganyijwe wonyine, cyangwa kuri wo n'abaturanyiitegaAbaturanyiUmubare n'utuzu tubiri kuri buri ruhande rwawo ku ruziga, amajeto atanu ya straight up.Soma byose → babiri kuri buri ruhande, maze inyungu iterwe na σ yonyine. Iteganya ritunganye ryatsinda buri straight upitegaStraight upUmubare umwe, yishyura 35:1.Soma byose →. Kuri σ = utuzu 10, ubusobanuro Thorp na Shannon bagezeho, straight up igarura hafi +44%, umubare Thorp atanga ku gikoresho cyabo; inkuru ye yo mu 1998 iwushyira ku kimwe cya munani cy'uruziga gishyigikiwe cyane. Inyungu igabanuka vuba uko ikosa ryiyongera kandi irashira ku tuzu hafi 17 ku ruziga rw'i Burayi na 16 ku rw'Abanyamerika, igihe iteganya ribura ku kigero cya hafi kimwe cya kabiri cy'uruziga. Uko Thorp ubwe yabaze amakosa bigaragaza impamvu iyo mbibi iri hafi: amakosa atandukanye ya 1,4 na 5,5 y'utuzu yo gupima igihe cya rotor n'icy'agapira, 7 yo kugwa kw'agapira kunyura kuri deflectoribikoreshoDeflectorKimwe mu bimenyetso by'icyuma biri kuri apron bitatanya agapira kagwa. Nanone: canoe, diamond, pin.Soma byose → na 6 yo kudunda mu tuzu ahuzwa akagera hafi kuri 10,8.

Igabanuka ry'Umuvuduko

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